.\"@(#)cat.5 2.1 90/07/18 16:47:25 (Henry Spencer/Chris Lewis)
.TH CAT 5 local writeup
.DA 4 April 1981
.SH NAME
cat \- C/A/T phototypesetter code/width tables
.SH DESCRIPTION
The Graphic Systems C/A/T phototypesetter is driven by sending it a
sequence of one-byte codes
which specify characters, fonts, sizes, and other control information.
.PP
The C/A/T's basic unit of length is 1/432 of an inch (6 units to a
typesetter's ``point'').
The quantum of horizontal motion is one unit.
The quantum of vertical motion is three units (1/144 of an inch, 1/2 point).
.PP
The top two bits of the code classify it as one of three major
types:
an \fIescape\fR code (top bit 1),
a \fIflash\fR code (top bits 00),
or a control code (top bits 01).
A code of all zeros is ignored;  a code of all ones is illegal.
.PP
A flash code specifies flashing one of 63 characters, as given by the
remaining six bits.
Since this is not enough to specify all possible characters, or even
all characters in a single font \(em there are 108 per font \(em
various control codes (described later) select a font and either
the Lower or Upper half of the font.
The Lower half is the first 63 characters of the font;  the Upper
half is the remaining 45.
A flash code of 46 or higher in the Upper half is illegal.
.PP
An escape code specifies horizontal motion.
The size of the motion, in horizontal quanta, is the one's-complement
of the low seven bits of the code.
The direction of the motion is set by control codes.
Hitting the right or left margin limit switch is illegal and will
cause the machine to stop.
The machine starts out, after initialization, hard against the left
margin limit switch;  an initial escape of 16 units \fImust\fR
be given before starting work, and the position after this motion
should be the limit of all future leftward motions.
From this point, the distance to the right margin limit switch
is about 7.5 inches.
.PP
A code with the top three bits 011 is a \fIlead\fR code,
specifying vertical motion.
The remaining five bits are the one's-complement of the size of
the motion, in vertical quanta.
The direction of motion is set by control codes.
The amount of vertical motion is, in principle, limited only by
running off the paper in the upward direction and by the limited
capacity of the output cartridge in the downward direction.
.PP
A code with the top four bits 0101 is a size-change code, which
specifies movement of the lens turret and the doubler lens to
change point size.
These codes are as follows:
.PP
.RS
.nf
.ta 2c
Size	Code

6	0101\|1000
7	0101\|0000
8	0101\|0001
9	0101\|0111
10	0101\|0010
11	0101\|0011
12	0101\|0100
14	0101\|0101
16	0101\|1001
18	0101\|0110
20	0101\|1010
22	0101\|1011
24	0101\|1100
28	0101\|1101
36	0101\|1110
.DT
.fi
.RE
.PP
Size changes involving the doubler lens alter the horizontal position.
Changes from single to double sizes should be followed by a forward
escape of 55 quanta;  changes from double to single sizes should be
followed by a reverse escape of 55 quanta.
The single sizes are 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, and 18;
the double sizes are 16, 20, 22, 24, 28, and 36.
.PP
The control codes with the top four bits 0100 specify miscellaneous
control codes, not all of which have valid meanings.
They are:
.PP
.RS
.ta 6c
.nf
initialize	0100\|0000
stop	0100\|1001
upper rail	0100\|0010
lower rail	0100\|0001
upper mag	0100\|0011
lower mag	0100\|0100
tilt up	0100\|1110
tilt down	0100\|1111
upper font half	0100\|0110
lower font half	0100\|0101
escape forward	0100\|0111
escape backward	0100\|1000
lead forward	0100\|1010
lead backward	0100\|1100
software cut	0100\|1011
.fi
.DT
.RE
.PP
The \fIinitialize\fR code causes leftward motion to the left margin limit
switch,
and sets the following modes:
escape forward, lead forward, lower font half,
lower rail, lower mag, tilt down.
Note that the left margin limit switch does not define a precise
position, and hence reinitializing the machine
will destroy precise left-margin alignment.
.PP
The \fIstop\fR code stops the machine, which must be manually
restarted (normally after changing output cartridges);
this code should be used only at the end of a run.
.PP
Fonts are selected by the combination of \fIrail\fR, \fImag\fR, and
\fItilt\fR.
The tilt codes do not exist on the 4-font C/A/T;  this is the only
user-visible
difference between the 4-font and 8-font machines.
The correspondence between rail/mag/tilt and font number is as follows:
.PP
.RS
.nf
.ta 2c 4c 6c 8c
rail	mag	tilt	4font	8font

lower	lower	up	1	1
lower	lower	down	1	2
upper	lower	up	2	3
upper	lower	down	2	4
lower	upper	up	3	5
lower	upper	down	3	6
upper	upper	up	4	7
upper	upper	down	4	8
.DT
.fi
.RE
.PP
The \fIsoftware cut\fR code should not be issued to the hardware, but
is used by local spooling software to indicate places where it is
legal for the spooler to break output between pages.
This code should be followed by an \fIinitialize\fR code.
.PP
A complete C/A/T file should begin with an \fIinitialize\fR code followed
by an \fIescape\fR-16 code,
and should end with 14 inches of trailer and a \fIstop\fR code.
.SH "CAT WIDTH TABLES"
Back in the origins of CAT troff, the width tables were generated
by compiling a C source file that contained a initialized array of
224 characters.
Each character was formed by or'ing the width of a character
(width of a 6 point character in 1/432's of an inch) with kerning
information shifted left 5.
The kerning information was generated by or'ing together a "2" for
ascenders and a "1" for descenders.
The width of a character had a maximum of 63.
.PP
In the Version 7 troff (and many later troff's, eg: Ultrix and Sun),
the a.out header produced by the compile/assemble step was left on
on the front of the file when installed in /usr/lib/font.
In these cases, the supplied troff knew to skip the first
"sizeof(struct a_out)" bytes (usually a magic constant instead
of include "a.out.h")
before reading the table.
Other versions of troff (eg: Xenix) have special width table builders
that produce width table files that do not have any extraneous gunk.
.PP
If the vendor supplied width table files (eg: /usr/lib/font/ftR) are
precisely 224 bytes long, HEADERSIZE should be 0.
If they're not 224 bytes long, you'll have to have HEADERSIZE set properly.
Ultrix and Sun (and probably all other BSD-derived 32 bit machines)
use HEADERSIZE 32.
I think Version 7 Unix on PDP/11's was 14.
.PP
Rather than document which character is which entry in the font tables,
the interested user should consult the
.B cattab.c
source file in the
.B psroff
distribution.
.SH "PSROFF NOTES"
Henry's manual page doesn't document the flash codes for each character,
nor the width table indices, but in
the \fIpsroff\fP source code, they are listed in \fIcattab.c\fP.
.PP
\fISoftware cut\fR isn't used in \fItroff2ps\fP, because it only
existed at University of Toronto ages ago - \fItroff2ps\fP calculates
page breaks based upon y position and the page length (which is why
it's really important to get \fItroff2ps\fP and \fItroff\fP to
agree on how long the page is, ie: -rL/.pl etc).
.PP
Berkeley troff introduces one or two extra magic CAT codes which are
documented in the
.B defs.h
source file in
.BR psroff .
.SH HISTORY
The \fIsoftware cut\fR code is a local invention.
This manual page written at U of T by Henry Spencer.
.PP
The "PSROFF NOTES" and "CAT WIDTH TABLES" section written by Chris Lewis.
.SH BUGS
The documentation and the hardware disagree on the initial tilt setting;
the above describes the hardware.
.PP
It's not the fastest or most modern typesetter.