.RM 80;.TS 20,27;.C;WORD PROCESSOR TRAINING MANUAL .TITLE[TRAINING MANUAL] .BLANK 15 WELCOME TO THE VT1OO WORD PROCESSOR. THE WORD PROCESSOR IS DESIGNED TO MAKE YOUR JOB EASIER BY MINIMIZING THE AMOUNT OF TYPING THAT YOU HAVE TO DO. USING THE EDIT KEYS AND COMMANDS, YOU CAN ADD OR DELETE SMALL OR LARGE AMOUNTS OF WRITTEN MATERIAL WITHOUT RETYPING MATERIAL THAT DOES NOT NEED TO BE CHANGED. .BR;.S 2 THE TERMINAL IS BASICALLY A TYPEWRITER THAT USES A VIDEO SCREEN INSTEAD OF PAPER AND COMMUNICATES WITH A COMPUTER. IF YOU CAN OPERATE A TYPEWRITER, YOU CAN OPERATE A VT100 TERMINAL. IF YOU CAN'T OPERATE A TYPEWRITER, WELL, BETTER LUCK NEXT TIME. ANYWAY, SIT BACK, RELAX, AND HAVE FUN AS YOU BEGIN TO EXPLORE YOUR NEW WORD PROCESSOR. . . .PG;.NF Q1: How do I turn the processor on and off? A: To turn the processor on, 1. Flip the switch at the back of the video screen. 2. Push the carriage return. 3. The screen will display "username" 4. Type in the username. 5. Push the carriage return. 6. The screen will display "password" 7. Type in the password. 8. Push the carriage return. 9. The computer will welcome you and now you're ready to start. To turn the processor off, 1. Type "bye" 2. Push the carriage return. EXERCISE 1: Practice signing on and off the terminal a couple of times until it becomes automatic. Q2: How do I type on the terminal and how do I find out what my typing will look like on paper? A: The first thing you need to know about the word processor is that is has two main "modes" or ways of being used. These two modes are called "TECO" AND "RNO". Whenever you want to type something or make corrections in something you have already typed, you use TECO. Whenever you want to find out exactly how your typing will look on paper, you use RNO. Q3: How do I use TECO? A: Suppose you want to type a report on the Northridge facility. The first thing you have to do is make up a file name for your report, just as if you were making up a manila folder and had to put a label on it. The file name must contain between one and nine characters (letters or numbers or both). Therefore, you can't name your file "Northridge" because Northridge has 10 letters in it and that's one too many. However, you can name it "North" or "Ridge" or "N" or "Northr" or anything else you want as long as you follow the rules. Suppose you name your file "North". To keep track of the file you just created, write down the file name and what it stands for (Note: you should keep a notebook of file names). Now that you have your file name, you're ready to begin using TECO. To use TECO, you must type "TECO/VT FILENAME" and then push the carriage return. Since your filename is "North", you would type: TECO/VT NORTH (note: It doesn't matter if you type upper case or lower case) and then push the carriage return. The computer will then search its memory for the "north" file, but since you haven't typed anything in the file yet, the computer isn't going to find anything. Therefore, the computer will print the following message "Can't find file 'NORTH' Creating new file" This means exactly what it says. There is no file "north" so now the computer is creating one for you so you can begin to type. After a few seconds, the message displayed by the computer will disappear and you will see a diamond in the upper left hand corner of the screen. This means that you can begin typing your report. To exit from TECO, push the escape key and then push CONTROL Z. The escape key is the button in the upper left-hand corner marked "ESC". The Control key is the button on the far left marked CTRL. Hold down the CTRL key while you push the "Z" key. BE SURE TO PUSH THE ESCAPE KEY BEFORE YOU PUSH CONTROL Z. When you see the $ sign, you have exited from TECO and are free to switch into a different program. EXERCISE 2: Get out a document that you need to type and give the document a file name. Following the instructions given above, tell the computer that you want to be in TECO so you can type. Once you are in TECO, type a couple of paragraphs of your document (Be sure to indent and double space) and then continue reading the instructions below. Now that you have typed a couple of paragraphs, you may be wondering what your typing will look like on paper. WHAT YOU TYPE WILL NOT COME OUT ON PAPER THE SAME WAY IT LOOKS TO YOU IN TECO. In order to find out how your typing will look on paper, you have to use RNO. Q4: How do I use RNO? A: To use RNO, you must type the following: "RNO TI:=Filename." and then push the carriage return (Note: If you are already in TECO, you must exit from TECO before switching to RNO). For Your file, You would type: RNO TI:=north. Don't forget to put a period at the end of the command. In RNO, the text that you typed in TECO will scroll across the screen. If you want to stop the text from scrolling so you can examine one section, push the No Scroll button located on the far left-hand side of the keyboard. Push the button again when you want the screen to continue scrolling. When the text finishes scrolling and the $ sign comes up, you have exited from RNO and can switch to whatever program you choose. EXERCISE 3: Use RNO to find out what your paragraphs will look like on paper. You may want to try shifting back and forth between TECO and RNO a couple of times so that you understand how to use the two modes. REMEMBER: You can't type anything in RNO. All you can do is check your work. All typing, corrections, editing, etc. must be done in TECO. .Blank 3 Q5: Why doesn't my typing look the same on paper as it does in TECO? A: When you tried using RNO to see how your paragraphs would look on paper, you probably noticed that your paragraphs were not indented and the text did not double space. The reason for this is that the computer is programmed to FILL and JUSTIFY. .Fill;.Blank 2;.SPACING 2 In other words, the computer will fill up the line with as many words as possible without going over the right margin. It then increases the spaces between the words so that the last word on each line exactly meets the right margin. This way the right margin is always perfect. The paragraph that you are reading right now has been filled and justified. Notice that the right margin is perfect and the spacing between words varies. Most of the time, you will type with FILL and JUSTIFY, because it is a fast, easy way to type. Using a few simple commands, which will be explained later, you can paragraph, indent, and space the way you want. .Break;.Blank 3;.nf Q6: Once I have typed something in TECO, how do I make corrections? A: To make corrections, you use the edit keys, which are explained below. .b 3;.Fill;.c EDITING THE TEXT .BR;.BLANK 2 THE CURSOR: .Br;.Blank 1;.spacing 2 The little block that follows your letters or numbers when you type is called the CURSOR. The cursor is just like a typewriter guide-- it tells you where you are in the text. You have to move the cursor around to the appropriate spot when you want to add or delete something from the text. .BR;.BLANK 1 MOVING THE CURSOR: .BREAK;.BLANK 1 To move the cursor, use the arrow keys located at the top right of the keyboard. The keys are self-explanatory. The arrow pointing to the right moves the cursor to the right. The arrow pointing up moves the cursor up one line, etc. (CAUTION: NEVER USE THE CARRIAGE RETURN TO MOVE THE CURSOR). There are several special keys you can use to move the cursor faster. These keys are: .Br;.nf 1. CONTROL F: This key moves the cursor forward word by word. Hold down the control key while you push the "F" key. You will see that the cursor jumps to the first letter of the next word. If you continue holding down the CTRL key and push the "F" key again, the cursor will jump to the next word, and so on. 2. CONTROL R: This key moves the cursor backward word by word. Hold down the CTRL key while you push the "R" key. You will see that the cursor jumps backward to the preceding word. 3. KEY "3": This key moves the cursor to the beginning of the line. KEY "3" is located on the special numbered keyboard to the far right. 4. KEY "1": This key moves the cursor to the top of your document. KEY "1" is located on the special numbered keyboard to the far right. 5. KEY "2": This key moves the cursor to the end of your document. KEY "2" is located on the special keyboard. 6. "ESC"/ By pushing the "ESC" key and an arrow key at the same time, ARROW KEY: you can leaf through your document with the cursor. If you want the cursor to jump forward through your document, push the "ESC" key and the arrow key pointing down. If you want the cursor to jump backward through your document, push the "ESC" key and the arrow key pointing up. 7. BUFFER : The buffer search is an extremely useful tool you can use to SEARCH move the cursor anywhere you want in the document. Press the "ENTER" button on the special keyboard. The screen will display "BUFFER SEARCH". Type in the exact word or phrase that you want the computer to find. Then push the period key located on the special keyboard. The computer will move the cursor to the first place in the text where your word or phrase occurs. If you push the period key again, the computer will find the second place in the text where your word or phrase occurs, and so on. To delete material from your text, use the following keys: 1. CONTROL K: This key deletes a whole line. Move the cursor until it is covering the first letter of the first word in the line. Then push Control K to delete the line. 2. CONTROL B: This key deletes one word at a time. Move the cursor until it is sitting one space to the right of the word you want to delete. Then push Control B. 3. KEY "5": This key deletes a character. Move the cursor until it is sitting over the letter or number you want to delete. Then push "5" to delete the character. KEY "5" is located on the special keyboard. 4. DELETE KEY: This key deletes a space or a character. Move the cursor until it is sitting one space to the right of the letter, number, or space you want to delete. Then push "DELETE." The "DELETE" key is located right next to the carriage return. There are several ways you can proceed if you want to add material: 1. To add characters or words, just type them in exactly where you want them. It's okay to type over words, because the computer will just push them over to make room for your new letters and words. The only thing you have to watch out for is going over the margins. If by adding new words or characters you exceed the margin, the computer will display an "NL" symbol on the screen. To correct the error, push the "DELETE" key until the "NL" symbol disappears. 2. KEY "7": This key adds a line. If you have to slip in a whole line or need to add several words to a line but do not have enough room (i.e., you are going over the margin), use KEY "7", located on the special keyboard. Move the cursor to the beginning of the line you want to push down. Then push KEY "7". 3. Carriage Return : You can use the carriage return to create a new line the same way you use KEY "7". In addition, the carriage return can be used to move phrases to the beginning of the next line. Place the cursor in front of the phrase you want to move, and then push the carriage return. SPECIAL EDIT KEYS: 1. KEY "6": This key reverses a command. For example, if you delete a word by mistake, you can restore the word by pushing key "6". This only works if you push "6" IMMEDIATELY AFTER making the deletion. KEY "6" is located on the special keyboard. 2. 9-PF1-PF3: This sequence of keys enables you to cut and paste text. You can move whole sections of material from one part of the text to another by proceeding as follows: a. Move the cursor until it is sitting in front of the section you want to move. Then push KEY "9" on the special keyboard. b. Now move the cursor to the end of the section you want to move. Then push KEY "PF 1" on the special keyboard. c. Move the cursor to the exact place in the text that you want to move the section to. Then push KEY "PF 3" on the special keyboard. (Remember: it's okay to move your section on top of other text, because the computer will push the text down to make room for the new material.) OTHER KEYS AND COMMANDS YOU SHOULD KNOW: 1. CONTROL V: One of the easiest ways to get into trouble is to use the carriage return improperly. Using CONTROL V can help you keep track of your carriage returns so your text comes out right. You can press CONTROL V at anytime while you are using TECO and the computer will display "CR" (Carriage Return) symbols. There should be a carriage return at the end of each line of your text, and at the beginning of each blank line.. 2. DIR: Each time you enter your file in TECO, the computer makes a new version of your file. If you want to see a list of all the filenames and versions, type "DIR" (which means directory) and push the carriage return. You cannot get the directory unless you have exited from TECO or RNO. When you see the $ sign, you can type DIR. 3. PURGE Because the computer makes a new version of your file each time you use TECO, it is very easy to use up all the computer's file space. Therefore, it is important to "purge" your file often, so the computer always has plenty of space for new files. When you purge the file, you delete all the versions of your file except the most recent one. To purge the file, type: "PURGE FILENAME" and then push the carriage return. For the example file we have been using, we would type, PURGE NORTH. Don't purge your file unless the most recent version is the only one you want to keep. You cannot purge your file unless you have exited from TECO and RNO (i.e., you must see the $sign). When the $sign appears again, your file has been purged and you are free to choose whatever program you desire. Q7: How can I get the computer to space, set up paragraphs and margins, etc? A: There are a number of simple commands you can use to format your typing. These are explained below. WHAT IS A COMMAND? .F A Command is a series of letters that specifies how you want your typing to look. Any line beginning with a period is interpreted by the computer as a command. Each command must be preceded by a period. More than one command may be entered on the same line by separating the commands with a semicolon. .SP 1;.LIT THIS IS WHAT COMMANDS LOOKS LIKE: .LM 5 .BR .P EACH OF THESE LINES REPRESENTS A SEPARATE COMMAND. I COULD ALSO TYPE THE COMMANDS ON ONE LINE BY SEPARATING THEM WITH A SEMICOLON: .LM 5;.BR;.P COMMANDS: 1. MARGINS: The computer automatically sets the left margin at 0 and the right margin at 60. If you want different margins, you must use these commands: a) .LM n: Sets the left margin. Replace n with whatever number you want your left margin to start at. b) .RM n: Sets the right margin. Replace n with whatever number you want for your right margin (80 is the maximum). EXAMPLE: Suppose I want to set my left margin at 5 and my right margin at 80. Here's the command: .LM 5;.RM 80 2. SPACING: The computer automatically uses single spacing. If you want different spacing, use the spacing command: .SP n: Sets spacing. Replace n with the number of spaces between lines that you want (n can range from 1 to 5). EXAMPLE: Suppose I want to double space. Here's the command: .SP 2 3. PARAGRAPHING: To format your paragraphs, use the following command: .P n,v: Formats paragraphs. Replace n with the number of spaces you want your paragraphs indented. Replace v with the number of spaces you want between paragraphs. When choosing the number for v, remember that the computer will multiply the v by the number of spaces between lines. For example, if you are double spacing and you set the v at "2", the computer will skip 2x2=4 spaces between paragraphs. EXAMPLE 1: Suppose I want my paragraphs to be indented 10 spaces and I want 2 spaces between paragraphs. The computer is set to single space. Here's the command: .P 10,2 EXAMPLE 2: Suppose I want my paragraphs to be indented 10 spaces and I want 2 spaces between paragraphs, but this time the computer is set to double space. Here's the command: .P 10,1 Notice that in the second command I set the v at "1", because the computer is set to double-space. It will therefore skip 1x2=2 spaces between paragraphs, which is exactly what I want. 4. AUTOPARAGRAPHING: Once you have formatted your paragraphs, you must still have some way of letting the computer know when you want a new paragraph. The easiest way to do this is to use the autoparagraph command, which you should place at the top of your document, right next to the paragraph command: .AP: Engages autoparagraphing, which causes any blank line to be considered the start of a new para- graph. In other words, when you use the auto- paragraph command, all you have to do is leave a blank line between paragraphs. EXAMPLE: Suppose I decide to format my paragraphs and use autoparagraphing: Here's the command: .P 10,2;.AP NOW JUST REMEMBER TO LEAVE A SPACE BETWEEN PARAGRAPHS AND YOU'RE ALL SET. 5. SKIPPING SPACES: Suppose at some point in my document I want to skip a certain number of spaces. To do this, I can use the Blank command: .B n: Causes the computer to blank or skip n spaces. Replace the n with the number of spaces you want to skip. You can use this command at any point in your document. EXAMPLE: Suppose I decide that in the middle of my document I want to skip 6 spaces. Here's the command: .B 6 NOW JUST SKIP TO THE NEXT LINE AND CONTINUE TYPING. THE TEXT BELOW THE BLANK COMMAND WILL BE SIX SPACES DOWN FROM THE TEXT ABOVE THE BLANK COMMAND. 6. BREAKS: If you want to keep the computer from filling and justifying a particular line, so that you can end the line exactly where you want, use the Break command: .BR: Causes a break in the text. Usually, you would use this command to make the computer recognize new paragraphs, but if you use Autoparagraph, you don't need to use the Break command for this purpose. However, you can make use of this comand at other times when you want a break in the text. EXAMPLE: Read these sentences: Star Trek is essentially a one-player game of a search-and-destroy mission performed by the Enterprise against a number of enemy Klingon ships. A group of Klingon ships has invaded the area, and has taken positions in the various subdivisions of the galaxy. Now, suppose I want to put a break between the two sentences, i.e., I want the third line to end in the word "ships" and the fourth line to begin with "A group of". Here's how to do it: Star trek is essentially a one-player game of a search-and-destroy mission performed by the Enterprise against a number of enemy Klingon ships. .Br A group of Klingon ships has invaded the area, and has taken positions in the various subdivisions of the galaxy. 7. INDENTATION: If you want to indent the text, use this command: .I n: Causes a break in the text and sets the number of spaces the next line will be indented. Just replace n with the number of spaces you want to indent the next line. The n can be negative to allow beginning a line to the left of the left margin. However, a line cannot begin to the left of column 0. Keep in mind that you don't need need to use this command to indent paragraphs if you use the paragraph command. EXAMPLE: Suppose I want to indent the next line 6 spaces. Here's the command: .I 6 8. CENTERING: To center a title or some other part of the text, use the center command: .C text: Causes a break and centers the text entered on the next line. Just replace "text" with the words you want to center. EXAMPLE: Suppose I want to center the words "Northridge Physicians" at the top of my document. Here's the command: .C Northridge Physicians NOW CONTINUE TYPING THE DOCUMENT ONE LINE DOWN FROM "NORTHRIDGE PHYSICIANS" 9. TITLE: To get a title on the first page of your document, just use the center command, which is explained above. To get a title printed in brackets on all subsequent pages (just like the title "Training Manual" is printed on the document you are reading right now), use the TITLE command: .T[title]: Prints the title in brackets in the upper left-hand corner of every page but the first. You should place this command at the top of your document. If you have a series of commands, the TITLE command should be the last one in the series, and it should be on a separate line from the other commands. EXAMPLE: Suppose I want the title on the first page to be: "WORD PROCESSOR TRAINING MANUAL" and the title on all subsequent pages to be: "Training Manual". I would use the CENTER command to get the title on the first page (because I want it centered) and the TITLE command to get the title on all subsequent pages. Here's the command: .C WORD PROCESSOR TRAINING MANUAL .T[Training Manual] These are exactly the commands I used to get titles on the document you are reading right now. 10. PAGES: When you use RNO to find out what your typing will look like on paper, you may find that the computer skipped to a new page at an inconvenient spot (eg: in the middle of a table). To solve this problem, use the page command: .PG: Causes the computer to advance to a new page. Just place the .PG command at the point in your document where you want the computer to advance to a new page. Since you cannot tell how much space your text will take up on paper, you really won't know if you need a .PG command until you check your work on RNO. EXAMPLE: Suppose that in the middle of my document I have typed up a list of physicians. When I check my work on RNO, I find, to my dismay, that the list has been broken up by the computer, so that half the doctors are listed on one page and the other half are on the next page. I wanted the entire list on one page, so now I am going to use a .PG command: .PG Dr. Carter Dr. Payson Dr. Kass Dr. Kamil Dr. Eppard Dr. Salkin Dr. Mirsaidi Dr. Zarchy NOTICE THAT I PUT THE .PG COMMAND IN FRONT OF THE LIST SO THAT THE COMPUTER WILL SKIP TO THE NEXT PAGE BEFORE BEGINNING TO PRINT THE LIST. THAT WAY I CAN BE SURE THAT THE ENTIRE LIST WILL BE ON ONE PAGE. 11. NOFILL: As explained above, the computer is automatically set to FILL and JUSTIFY each line. Sometimes, it is necessary to disengage FILL AND JUSTIFY so you can type a list or table. .NF: Disengages FILL and JUSTIFY. When you use this command, your typing will look on paper exactly the way it looks to you in TECO. Just place the .NF command one line above the text that you want unfilled. When you are through typing your table or list, reengage FILL and JUSTIFY with the FILL command: .F: Causes subsequent lines to be FILLED and JUSTIFIED. 12. LISTS: To start an indented list, use the LIST command: .LS n: Starts an indented list and moves the left margin 9 spaces to the right. Just replace n with the number of spaces you want between each element in the list. YOU MUST DISENGAGE FILL AND JUSTIFY TO MAKE THE LIST COMMAND WORK. Put the .NF (NOFILL) command next to the .LS command. If you want to make a list within a list, just use the .LS command again. The computer will move the margin for your second list 4 more spaces to the right. When you have finished with your list, be sure to use the "END LIST" command and reengage FILL AND JUSTIFY. .ELS: Terminates the LIST command and restores the margins and spacing to their settings before the LIST command was given. .ELI;.PG;.LIT EXAMPLE 1: Suppose I want to start an indented list with two spaces between each element in the list. Here's the command: .LS 2;.NF 1. Maxicare 2. AAA Family Pharmacy of Hawthorne 3. HCS Computer 4. Hawthorne Community Medical Group .ELS;.F EXAMPLE 2: Suppose I want to type a list within a list. Here's the command: .LS 2;.NF 1. Maxicare 2. AAA Family Pharmacy of Hawthorne 3. HCS Computer 4. Hawthorne Community Medical Group .LS a. Dr. Kass b. Dr. Brody c. Dr. Schwartz d. Dr. Carter e. Dr. Lam .ELS;.F On paper, the list of doctors will be indented 4 more spaces to the right than the list of corporations, so that you will have a list within a list. REMEMBER TO: 1. DISENGAGE FILL AND JUSTIFY BEFORE YOU START YOUR LIST. 2. PUT THE "END LIST" COMMAND AT THE END OF YOUR LIST. 3. REENGAGE FILL AND JUSTIFY AT THE END OF YOUR LIST, UNLESS YOU MUST CONTINUE TYPING ON NONFILL FOR SOME REASON. 13 NOTE: You may, at some point in your document, wish to include an indented note. You can do this very easily WITHOUT DISENGAGING "FILL AND "JUSTIFY" by using the note command: .NT title of note text of note : Starts an indented note. This command causes the computer to skip two spaces, reduce both margins by 15, center the title of the note (if no title is given, it centers the word "NOTE"), skip one more space, and then print the text of the indented note. When you are through typing your note, you MUST use the "END NOTE" command: .EN: Terminates the NOTE command, skips two spaces and reverts the margins back to where they were before the NOTE command. Just place the .EN command one line down from the text of your note. Then skip one more line and continue typing your document. EXAMPLE 1: Suppose I want to type an indented note that will look like this: REMINDER Please use only the Maxicare facility in which you are en- rolled. If you want to transfer facilities, contact your Consumer Affairs Representative. I can do this without having to center the text myself by using the NOTE command. Here's how to do it: .NT REMINDER Please use only the Maxicare facility in which you are enrolled. If you want to transfer facilities, contact your Consumer Affairs Representative. .EN EXAMPLE 2: Suppose I want to type the same note, but this time I want the title to be "NOTE" instead of "REMINDER". Here's the command: .NT Please use only the Maxicare facility in which you are enrolled. If you want to transfer facilities, contact your Consumer Affairs Representative. .EN Notice that to get the title "NOTE", I don't have to do anything. REMEMBER TO USE THE .EN COMMAND AFTER YOU FINISH YOUR NOTE. So, there you have it-- some basic commands that you can use to format your typing. You may be wondering how a string of commands would look, especially at the top of your document where you are likely to have most of the commands. Here's an example: Suppose I want to: 1. Set the left margin at 5 and the right margin at 80. 2. Double space 3. Format my paragraphs so they are indented 8 spaces and there are 4 spaces between paragraphs. 4. Use autoparagraphing. 5. Center the title "WORD PROCESSOR TRAINING MANUAL" on the first page. 6. Print the title "Training Manual" on every page but the first. HERE GOES: .LM 5;.RM 80;.SP 2;.P 8,4;.AP;.C WORD PROCESSOR TRAINING MANUAL .T[Training Manual] That's all there is to it. Now it's up to you to experiment with the commands and learn as you go. .ELI;.NF;.SP 2 Q8: Now that I have finished typing my text, how do I get it to print out on paper? A: The first thing you have to do is find out the terminal number of your printer. Printer terminal numbers begin with "TT". There are two ways to find out your printer terminal number: 1) Ask someone who knows; 2) Ask the printer. To ask the printer, log onto the printer just like you do on the video screen. Once you are logged in, type "Show Term" and push the carriage return. The computer will print out the specifications of the printer terminal. All you have to be concerned with is getting the "TT" number. Once you have the TT number, log off the printer by typing "bye" and pushing the carriage return. YOU MUST LOG OFF THE PRINTER IN ORDER TO PRINT YOUR TEXT. Now that you have the TT number, you're ready to print (assuming, of course, that paper has been loaded on the printer). To print your document, type "RNO TTn:= FILENAME." on the video screen and then push the carriage return. Replace the "n" with your printer's TT number (NOTE: The TT number consists of a letter and a number) and fill in your filename. Don't forget to put a period after the filename. If my TT number was A4 and my filename was "NORTH", I would type: RNO TTA4:= NORTH. The printer will now begin typing the text. Q9: What should I do if I can't figure something out? A: NEVER FEAR. HELP IS ALWAYS AVAILABLE, ESPECIALLY FROM FRED!!! .C GOOD LUCK! .b 40 -Karen Brody 2/10/80