.CH INTRODUCTION to the commands
.P
When you first use RUNOFF, the wealth of available commands may seem
confusing, but you will find this wealth can be used to speed the creation
of documents.  The first thing you should learn is how to create simple
documents such as letters. For this you will need the following commands:
.LIST 0
.list element _.RIGHT MARGIN sets the right margin.
.LE;_.LEFT MARGIN sets the left margin.
.LE;_.TOP MARGIN sets the top margin.
.LE;_.PAGE SIZE combines all the above, and sets the page length.
This command should always be used if you wish to produce documents
with numbered pages.
.LE;_.PARAGRAPH starts paragraphs.
.LE;_.CENTER centers a line of text.
.LE;_.RIGHT right justifies a line of text.
.LE;_.INDENT indents the next line.
.LE;_.SPACING sets the spacing to single, double, triple _....
.LE;_.HALF SPACING enables in-between spacing such as
1_&1/2, 2_&1/2 _.... (Only works on some printers.)
.LE;_.SKIP skips a line (or 2, if double spacing, 3 etc.)
In other words, it skips lines according to the spacing selected.
.LE;_.BLANK skips multiple lines independent of spacing.
.LE;_.FIGURE or _.FIGURE DEFERRED reserves n lines, independent of spacing,
for inserting drawings, or other artwork later.
.le;_.BREAK starts a new line.  This is called breaking the text.
.LE;_.PAGE starts a new page.
.le;_.FILL automatically fills each line with words until no more will
fit.
.le;_.JUSTIFY pads the text with spaces so that each line is justified at the
right margin.
.le;_.AUTOHYPHENATE causes long words at the end of a line to be
automatically hyphenated.
.end list 0
.p
The task of setting up paragraphs can be simplified by using the
_.AUTOPARAGRAPH command.  Once this command has been given, any line preceded
by a blank, tab, or a blank line automatically starts a new paragraph.  When
this command is used, the input text can be formatted to "look" like the final
document.  The _.SET PARAGRAPH command can be used in conjunction with the
_.AUTOPARAGRAPH to control the format of each paragraph. 
.TP 12
.p
A frequently asked question is: How do I do bibliographies or tables?
This can be done by setting up a negative indentation and
adding the same indentation to the left margin. As a result, every time you
begin a paragraph, the line will start on the old left margin, and the text
will be indented. 
.LEFT MARGIN +7.s.rm -2
.s.i-2;^&EXAMPLE:  the input\&
.s.literal
.left margin +5. set paragraph -5
.p;_.SET PARAGRAPH [-indent],[-skip],[test page]
.BR;sets the format produced by the _.PARAGRAPH
command, the _.AUTOPARAGRAPH, or _.AUTOTABLE feature.  The 
indentation can be either positive or negative.
.el
.s.i-2;^&produces the following text\&
.s.i-5; _.SET PARAGRAPH [-indent],[-skip],[test page]
.BR;sets the format produced by the _.PARAGRAPH
command, the _.AUTOPARAGRAPH, or _.AUTOTABLE feature.  The 
indentation can be either positive or negative. 
.ps
.p
You can control the overall look of the pages with the _.HEADER,
_.LAYOUT, and _.TITLE/.SUBTITLE commands.
The default page format is to place a title, subtitle, and page number
at the top of the page. The location of the title/subtitle and the page
number can be varied using the _.LAYOUT command, which allows 17
different placements.  The title and subtitle can be specified by
the _.TITLE or _.SUBTITLE command.  If no title is specified,  none
appears.  The _.NO TITLE command will suppress both the title and
subtitle without suppressing the page number. The _.NO HEADER command, on the
other hand, will suppress title,subtitle, and page number.  The _.DISABLE
NUMBERING command will suppress the page number without affecting the
title/subtitle.  Normally the page number is preceded by the word "Page".
To display only a number with no extra word, use the _.DISPLAY NUMBER
command.
The _.DISPLAY NUMBER command can be used to substitute some other text for
the word "Page", and can be used to add extra text after the page number.
For example, _.DISPLAY NUMBER could be used to number the pages of a 4 page
document as 1/4,2/4,3/4,4/4. The _.DISPLAY command can be used to switch page
numbers to other forms. Normally the first page of a document will not have
the title/subtitle printed on it.  This can be changed with the _.FIRST
TITLE command. 
.p
A common problem with formatting text is deciding how to arrange it on each
page. For example, you may wish to force a particular section of text to fall
all on the same page rather than have it possibly be split between 2 pages.
This can be achieved using the _.TEXT and _.END TEXT commands. 
An alternate way to guarantee a fixed number of lines all on the same page is
to use the _.TEST TEXT command or the _.TEST PAGE command. You should be
aware that the _.PARAGRAPH command has an automatic _.TEST TEXT built into it.
.p
You may wish to reserve part of a page for a figure with a caption.  This is
easily achieved with the _.TEXT DEFERRED  and _.END TEXT commands.  If there
is not enough space on the current page for the text between these commands,
the text will be stored and reproduced on the next page that has
enough space.  You can reserve a whole page by using _.TEXT DEFERRED
and _.PAGE to complete the reserved text.  Several captioned figures can be
generated and mixed with text in this way without without leaving partial
pages blank.
.p
After you are able to format a letter or simple few page document,
you will want to learn more advanced techniques.
If you need to produce lists, such as the list above of simple commands,
you can use the commands _.LIST, _.LIST ELEMENT,  and _.END LIST.
These commands make creation and modification of lists simple and perhaps
even enjoyable.
.ls 0
.LE;_.LIST is used to begin a list.
.LE;_.LIST ELEMENT starts each entry in the list.  To insert
more entries in the list, you need only insert a new _.LIST ELEMENT command
with the added text, and the list will be appropriately numbered.
.LE;_.END LIST terminates the list.
.END LIST 0
If you need to produce lists preceded by Roman numerals or letters rather than
numbers the _.DISPLAY ELEMENTS command allows you to change the list format.
.p
If you are dealing with a large document, you should consider breaking
it up into sections.  A master file for creating the entire document
can be created using a _.REQUIRE "filename" command to include each of the
sections of the document.  You could reshuffle the order of the various
sections latter simply by rearranging the order of the _.REQUIRE statements
in the master file.
Whenever a document is to be longer than a single page, you should consider
breaking it up into sections. 
.p
You can also divide a large document into chapters and appendices with the
_.CHAPTER and _.APPENDIX commands.
These commands automatically format the beginning of each chapter or appendix
in an identical fashion and cause the chapters to be numbered in the order
in which they occur.  If you later need to insert a new chapter,
the chapters are automatically renumbered.  The "look" of the chapters
can be modified by the _.STYLE CHAPTER command.  This command sets up the
margins and placement of the chapter number and title.  For some documents
might want to have the page number placed in different locations depending
on whether or not the current page is the first page of a chapter.
The _.CHAPTER LAYOUT command can be used to control the layout of the first
page of each chapter independently of subsequent pages.
_.DISPLAY CHAPTER and _.DISPLAY APPENDIX can be used to select either letters,
roman numerals, or normal Arabic numerals for numbering the chapters and
appendices. Whenever a document is chapter oriented, the page numbers are
printed as chapter-page.  For example, the 5th page in chapter 2 would be
numbered 2-5.  If sequential page numbering without the chapter numbers is
desired, then _.DISABLE NUMBERING CHAPTER should be used. 
.p
In addition to (or instead of) dividing a document into chapters, it may
be necessary to divide it into sections of text that are headed by
a section number followed by a title.
A section number is a string of numbers separated by periods.
For example, 3.2.5  or 1.2. A string of 3 numbers is
called a third header level, 2 numbers a second and 1 the first. You
can automatically generate headers with the _.HEADER LEVEL command.
This command allows you to easily insert additional sections because RUNOFF
will automatically renumber the remaining sections correctly.
Headers can be reformatted with the _.STYLE HEADERS command, which controls
the spacing and placement of the headers.
In addition, the _.INDENT LEVELS command indents the left and right
margins of the headers as desired. If you need to use letters or Roman
numerals instead of normal decimal numbers, you can use the _.DISPLAY LEVELS
command to change the type of numeral. 
.p
You may want to have the sections of a document defined in outline form.
That is, instead of numbering sections a.b.c... you wish to use large letters
for level 1, numbers for level 2, and small letters for level 3.  This
can be accomplished with the _.STYLE HEADERS and _.DISPLAY LEVELS commands.
The STYLE command can be used to suppress the a.b.c form of numbering and the
DISPLAY command can be used to specify the numbering format.  In addition,
the section title can be centered, underlined, and capitalized
automatically.
.P
The next page number or chapter number can be assigned with the
_.NUMBER commands.  Subpage numbering can also be performed.
Subpage numbering allows extra pages to be inserted without having to
reformat and reprint the whole document.  For example, after page 12 you
could insert subpages 12A, 12B, and 12C by using the _.SUBPAGE and _.END
SUBPAGE commands. The actual subpage number can be specified with the
_.NUMBER SUBPAGE command. The _.NUMBER commands can be used to skip page
numbers.
It is also possible to format only selected pages and chapters by using the
.if RT
/C, /A, and /P
.else RT
/CHAPTER, /APPENDIX, and /PAGES
.endif RT
options. 
.p
If you need to reproduce your document in in book form with both sides of
the paper printed, there are several commands to aid you.
The _.ENABLE ODD command forces the first page of each chapter onto an odd
numbered page.  _.PAGE ODD or _.PAGE EVEN can be used to pick which page
you wish to have next.  In addition, you can select only odd or even page
output with the
.if rt
/O or /E
.else RT
/ODD or /EVEN
.endiF RT
options.  By splitting your document into odd and
even pages you can first print out the odd pages, then reinsert the paper
and print the even pages on the other side of the paper.  The
.if rt
/R
.else RT
/RIGHT
.endif RT
option can be used to move the text over to account for an extra binding
margin.
.p
Text can be underlined by using the underline flag.  Underlining is affected
by the _.FLAGS UNDERLINE, _.ENABLE UNDERLINING and _.DISABLE UNDERLINING
commands.
Normally only printable characters are underlined; the space character
is not normally underlined.  To cause it (or any other non-underlined
character) to be underlined, you can use the _.UNDERLINE command to
define it as underlinable.
Likewise, if you never want to underline certain characters, such
as punctuation or numbers, you can define them not underlinable with the
_.NO UNDERLINE command.
.p
A whole cornucopia (or Pandoras box) of additional features can be
controlled with the _.FLAGS commands.  These commands allow you to enable
and redefine special symbols to perform various functions such as
underlining, capitalization, hyphenation, overstriking, breaking, and
substituting. The _.ENABLE or _.DISABLE commands let you control when these
features are used.  (See the section on SPECIAL CHARACTERS.)  Most of these
features are self explanatory.  Three of them are worth mentioning here. 
.LIST 0
.LE;OVERSTRIKING is where more than one symbol is printed at the same spot.
For example, overstriking an oh "O" with a minus sign "-" can produce the
Greek letter theta.
.LE; BREAK is a special way of telling RUNOFF where it may break a line
as opposed to hyphenating it.  It is also used to control tabulation.
(See also the AUTOBREAK command.)
.LE;SUBSTITUTION allows abbreviations to be defined for long or
commonly used lines of text, numbers, or symbols.  Substitution can be
used to create complex symbols that can be printed on special line printers.
See _.DEFINE SUBSTITUTE, _.RESET SUBSTITUTE, _.FLAGS SUBSTITUTE, and  _.ENABLE
SUBSTITUTION 
.end list 0
.p
If you need to number various items in the text, such as footnote numbers,
figure numbers, table numbers, and equation numbers, you can set up such
numbers and increment them with the _.DEFINE ITEM and
_.NUMBER ITEM commands.  You can also set up substitution labels for
various reference numbers such as a chapter, section, appendix, or item
number with the _.DEFINE NUMBER commands.
.p
Typing a table in column format can be onerous task, even with the tab
stops on a typewriter.  RUNOFF contains tab stops that are settable by the
_.TAB STOPS and _.TAB PROPORTIONAL commands. In addition, you can right
justify columns or even center justify columns using the _.TAB STOPS
command.  The _.AUTOBREAK command will allow you align columns of numbers
along the decimal point.  (see the TAB command for examples.)
Items can be connected by ellipses to guide the eye.
The _.ELLIPSES command will cause ellipses rather than spaces to appear
whenever you tab to the next item.
.p
RUNOFF can automatically take care of footnotes.
The _.FOOTNOTE command allows you to type the footnote at the same
point it is referenced, but have it appear at the bottom of the page.
RUNOFF can also produce an index and a table of contents for your
document.
.p
Finally, a few special features should be mentioned that may be available
if you have a word processing style printer:
.list 0
.LE;EQUATION FORMATTING allows you to easily format equations to be typed
equations on the printer.
.LE;VARIABLE SPACING improves the look of the output when you right
justify the text by balancing the white space throughout the line.
.els 0
.p
Since this version of RUNOFF is almost the same as Digital Standard Runoff
(DSR), the DSR manual can be used as a guide to most of the basic features.
However, many advanced features in this version are not available in either
DSR or any other version of RUNOFF. VAX/VMS users may prefer this version to
DSR because of the extra features available for customizing documents.
For those who use VAX/VMS and either RSX, RT, or IAS, this version of
RUNOFF is particularly convenient because it runs essentially transparently
on all these systems.  (DEC does not support RUNOFF or DSR on RSX, RT, or IAS,
so users of these systems have no other choice but to use one of the versions
of RUNOFF available through DECUS.)