AnalytiCalc Tutorial

     Using  a spreadsheet is not always easy the first time,  and 
the AnalytiCalc spreadsheet is no exception  to  this.  With some 
practice,  however,  it's possible to become proficient in  using 
its basic commands. This tutorial is dedicated to giving you some 
practice  with  a  simple  problem  of  wage  calculations  using 
AnalytiCalc which will lead to some facility using it.
     We  will assume AnalytiCalc  is already  installed  on  your 
computer and that it may be started by giving a  command  "ACALC"
at the console.
     Now let's consider the problem:
     Assume  you're  a group leader in a company and want  to  be 
able  to print out your total labor costs per week for a group of 
a  dozen or so employees.  You know the labor costs per hour  for 
each  employee and the number of hours worked on this  particular 
group's work by that employee that week. You want to have a total 
cost  for  each employee,  and an overall total  cost  per  week. 
You'll  enter the hours worked,  and the labor cost,  and get the 
total. Then you'll print it out.
     To generate this figure, we'll have to design a simple sheet 
and  print it when filled in.  So let's get into the  spreadsheet 
now to do so.
     Remember that in all commands (except direction arrows)  you 
must type a RETURN after the command to complete it.  This is not 
specially   illustrated  in  the  examples  here  but  is  always 
necessary,  just as it is for most other commands you give to the 
computer. Until you press RETURN, you can use the DEL key to wipe 
out  characters. 

     You type:

     TYPE AUXKPD.TXT (optional; omit if your AUTOEXEC.BAT did so)
     ANALY           (or whatever starts AnalytiCalc up)

     The sheet will load and print its first  screen,  announcing 
its  presence  and  authors,  and  will  ask  a  few  preliminary 
questions.
     The first of these questions is: (after you tell it how to 
access the screen)

     Enter new numeric format default [Y/N]:

     The  default  format  is  F9.2,  which  is  FORTRAN-ese  for 
floating  point  numbers  with  9 total digits  displayed  and  2 
decimal points (appropriate to use for dollars and  cents).  This 
is likely to be OK for this project. If we wanted, let us say, 10
digits  total (counting the decimal point) with one number to the 
right of the decimal,  a format like F10.1 could be used.  But we 
won't  do  that here.  (Numbers are kept to 16  digits  precision 
internally; we're only talking about how much is shown of that.)
     So we reply. Type:
    
     N

     AnalytiCalc will then ask for a title:
     Enter Title of Spreadsheet>

     This is just a title, any 80 characters or less. You can put 
in  any desired text here and it will appear at the top  line  of 
the  screen  and of any printouts of the screen you  make  later. 
Just enter a descriptive phrase:

     Weekly Labor Expenses Summary

     Now AnalytiCalc must set up its working storage. It is a disk
backed system, and can use disk storage for formulae and values,
using 2 scratch files for the purpose.

    It will first ask how much of the sheet you expect to use, to
give you an idea of storage requirements. It asks for the number
of rows and columns that will be used:

   Enter number rows to be used:

For this purpose, reply with 20. The program will then ask

   Enter number columns to be used:

Again reply with 20<cr>.

     Now AnalytiCalc prints out the number of K bytes storage that
will be needed at minimum to completely fill this area. However,
it has sufficient storage internally for 800 cell values and for
about 33 characters formula apiece, so just answer 1 to its queries
about how much space to allocate. The answer of 1 will get it to use
internal storage only, not disk:

Enter size in K of value file>1
Enter size in K for formula file>1

     The spreadsheet is now ready to run and will draw the calculation
screen after a brief initializing delay.


     You  now  have  a  screen which displays  something  like  7 
columns and 20 rows,  with the columns labelled (initially) A, B, 
C,  D,  etc.,  and the rows labelled 1 through 20.  Your sheet is 
normally  larger and not all of it fits on the display  at  once. 
Thus,  you can move around it and see parts initially not obvious 
to you.
     In each cell (row-column intersection) of the sheet (and the 
screen),  you can put a formula,  a number,  or text. A cursor (a 
reverse  video block) will move around the screen indicating  the 
present active location. When you enter this information, it goes 
into the cell pointed to by this cursor.

     Move  the  cursor around by using the arrow keys.  Note  the 
cursor moves in the direction of the arrow keys so long as it can
while staying on the screen.

     If you want to move past the edge of the screen, you do it
with  a  different command.  The screen cells are called  by  the 
column letter and row number,  using names like A1,  B5, R3, A18, 
or others.  The next column after Z is AA,  then AB,  and so  on. 
There  is no logical limit to the number of characters usable for 
columns,  but there IS an installed limit, usually 60 columns for 
PDP11 and potentially anything for VAX.
     If you want to see, let us say, columns L through R, you use 
the command:

     OA L1

     which  resets  the  screen to make L1 appear  at  its  upper 
right.  Any cell can be made the upper  right.  (Actually,  every 
cell displayed can point to an independent part of the worksheet, 
but we won't do that here.)

     Now to return the display to the initial one (the upper left 
part of the entire sheet), issue the command

     OA A1

     and things will be replaced. To move the cursor to the upper 
left cell, also issue the command

     L A1

     which moves the cursor to cell A1 (and this command can move 
the  cursor directly to any named cell,  EVEN IF THAT CELL IS NOT 
CURRENTLY BEING DISPLAYED, though if it isn't displayed you can't 
see its' value).

     You'll  note the commands are always entered on the next  to 
last  line on the screen,  and the last line has some  mysterious 
contents  so  far.  The last line actually  always  displays  the 
formula or text in the current cell.

     Now  that  you've seen the way we move a cursor  around,  we 
must  design  the  spreadsheet  screen we'll  use  to  work  your 
problem.

     Let's have 8 columns which we'll label EMP  NO,  RATE,  MON, 
TUE,  WED,  THU,  FRI,  and TOTAL. The "EMP-NO" columnn will just 
have  and employee number (for identification),  the RATE  colunm 
will  have  rate  per hour for this  employee,  and  the  MON-FRI 
entries will have hours worked those days.  The TOTAL column will 
then be the product RATE*(MON+TUE+WED+THU+FRI).

     To enter this information, we need to set our screen up to
display  8  columns,  20 rows.  We also want (let's say)  only  8
characters wide in column 1 and only 8 in column 2, 3, and 4, and
the rest stay as they are (default width 10).

     First set up for 8 columns, 20 rows:

     DB 8,20

     Then set column 1 to have 8 characters:

     DW 1,8

         
     Then set column 2 to have 8 characters:

     DW 2,8

     It would be easier just to set up all the columns to
have 8 character width, so we'll do it here.
Type

S
	The program will now ask:

Alter display windows [Y/N]?

Reply with a Y (Yes) response.
Now the program will ask:

ENTER NEW GLOBAL COLUMN WIDTH, 1-120:

We want 8 characters wide so type 8 followed by return (the return
key).

The program will now ask:

Reset display to Upper Left of sheet [Y/N]:

Reply Y (though it doesn't matter here; the display is
already set that way).

Now the program again asks whether to enter a new floating
point format default. Let's set the default for the new
8 character width, so type a Y here.

The program will now print

Enter new format. Suggest F10.2>

Since we want Floating display, 8 characters wide and 2
decimal points, reply with

F8.2
and the program will accept it.

Now the program again asks for a spreadsheet title, so again
type
     Weekly Labor Expenses Summary

This will cause the screen to be redrawn. Notice that the columns are
narrower now.


     The displays on these  columns  need  to  be  in  a narrower
format so they'll fit.  Although we don't really need to do any
further work since we set up a new default, do so for a couple of
columns anyway to see how it's done.
     Set  the numeric columns (2, 3, and 4) up
for numbers 7 digits wide with 2 decimal places:

     DF B2:B14 [F7.2]
     DF C2:C14 [F7.2]
     DF D2:D14 [F7.2]

     Now the screen has the widths we want. Enter the labels.
Since we're already at the top left, just start:

     Type:

     E EMP NO

     which  will leave column A1 showing the text EMP NO and this 
will appear at the bottom of page.
     Now use the right arrow to go to cell A2 and type:

     E RATE

     which should leave cell B1 containing the text RATE

     Now move the cursor to cell C1 with the arrow keys (you  can 
use the 3 command instead if need be).
     Moving the cursor this way is tedious where there's a lot to 
enter, so let's set the program to do it automatically. Since the 
commands 1,  2,  3,  and 4 mean also to move up,  down,  left, or 
right  (which  makes sense on a VT100 keypad since the layout  of 
the arrow keys is in that order there),  we'll use the command M4 
to set the program to move right automatically after an enter.
     Type the command:

     M4

     Now go ahead and type commands:

     E MON
     E TUE
     E WED
     E THU
     E FRI
     E TOTAL

You  notice the top row is now full of label information and  the 
cursor  should  now  be sitting at cell H1 on  the  TOTAL  column 
(since  the auto move can't change the settings of what is to  be 
displayed on the screen).
     At this point, we can move down and enter the one formula we 
need for each employee. Type the command:

     L H2

to  move to cell H2 (which will be the first numeric  total  area 
below  the label).  Enter the desired formula now.  We use normal 
parenthesized  expressions,  with cell names representing  values 
there. Thus, the formula will look like this: Type:

     E B2*(C2+D2+E2+F2+G2)

Notice  that a  .00 appears rather than the formula,  though  the 
last line shows the formula. This means that AnalytiCalc knows it 
was  a formula or number rather than text.  Its' rule for this is 
that if what's entered contains any of the characters  ".",  "+", 
"-",  "(",  or  "[",  it's  numeric and gets displayed  with  the 
default format (unless the format is changed with the DF command) 
and  otherwise  it's  text.  If what you enter has any  of  these 
characters in it,  you can force it to be text by including a '"' 
character in the text somewhere (usually after a lot of spaces so 
it won't show on a display).

     You  now  have the formula on the first  of  the  individual 
total  lines,  but  you  need to enter one like it  on  lines  H3 
through  H14  (since  there  are  a dozen  names  on  the  list). 
Fortunately,  you needn't retype the formula.  We'll copy it  and 
relocate all entries.  Since entries aren't relocated above or to 
the  left  of the cursor,  do it while at A1 so all  numbers  get 
relocated. Type the following commands:

     L A1
     CR H2 H3:H14
     V

     This moves you to A1, then copies H2 to the range H3 through 
H14 inclusive with Relocation (changes all B2, C2, D2, ... to B3, 
C3,  D3,  ... and so on). The V command redraws the screen, since 
AnalytiCalc will  avoid redrawing cells whose value didn't change 
(and these cells' values didn't just yet).

     Now you need a total for all of them. Let's make cell A15 be 
the label for the grand total and put the text "ALL" in  it,  and 
make cell H15 have the sum of H2 through H14.  Type the following 
to arrange this:

     L A15
     E ALL
     L H15
     E SUM[H2:H14]

Note that the SUM function greatly simplifies entering the sum of 
a whole column (potentially,  it simplifies sums of rows too). We 
could  have  used it in the initial formula by making a  multiple 
statement formula in row 2 which would have been like this:
     SUM[C2:G2]\%*B2
in  which  the  "%"  refers  to  "the  result  of  the   previous 
computation".  This style of multiple statement formulas can save 
numerous  cells  and is the easy way to write formulas.  The  "\" 
character delimits statements. We have to do it like this because 
the  multi-argument  functions like SUM can't  be  combined  into 
longer formulas in any other way. (We could have written the for-
mula as SUM[C2:G2]*B2 if we liked, but this displays the multi-
statement capability.)

     Now we have a complete set of formulas on the screen and are 
ready  to  start  entering  data.  Enter a  few  dummy  employees 
information  to  see how the computation goes.  Notice  that  the 
totals  are  updated  at every  entry.  (From  this  point,  it's 
simple).

     Enter commands as follows: (NOT the parenthesized comments)

     L A2
     E 11111
     E 12.55             ($12.55/hr)
     E 7.5               (hrs Monday)
     E 8.0               (Hrs Tuesday. Note the required ".".)
     E 8.0
     E 8.3               (Hrs Thursday)
     E 8.0               (Hrs Friday)
     L A3
     E 12222             (Emp # 12222)
     E 17.50
     E 8.0
     E 8.0
     E 8.0
     E 7.5
     E 8.0

By now,  you notice something:  most of the hours worked are  8.0 
per day, with occasional exceptions. Your life would be easier if 
you  could  just fix the exceptions and enter the 8.0 entries  en 
masse. This isn't too hard.

     Use  the  following commands to enter 8.0 in  all  remaining 
hour fields (columns C through G, rows 3 through 14):

    
     L C4      (Move to cell C4, the first to set)
     E 8.0     (Enter desired value)
     CA C4 D4:G4    (Copy so now C4 through G4 have 8.0)
     CA C4:G4 C5:G5 (Copy to next row. Note no relocation needed)
     CA C4:G4 C6:G6
     CA C4:G4 C7:G7
	Now you see that we are repeating ourselves. We COULD go on
and type:
     CA C4:G4 C8:G8
     CA C4:G4 C9:G9
     CA C4:G4 C10:G10
     CA C4:G4 C11:G11
     CA C4:G4 C12:G12
     CA C4:G4 C13:G13
     CA C4:G4 C14:G14
but we won't. Instead, we will let AnalytiCalc do the copying for us.
Type the Alt-F6 key (for copy row to area). The program will churn
a bit and eventually ask you:

Give Start Cell of Row>
Reply with C7 (i.e., just type C7, since that is the leftmost cell
of the first row, which is assumed to be where we are copying from).
The program will then ask you:
Give End Cell of Row>
Reply with G7 since that is the rightmost cell we are copying from and
defines the right edge of the area we copy from.
The program will then ask:
Give Bottom Left of Left Column>
Reply with C14 since that is the lowest area we are copying to.
	The program will now perform the copying for you. When
done, it will return to wherever you were when you started.

     Now the cells all contain the 8.0 entries desired and we can 
fill  in  the  rest of the desired data.  Since we  can  do  this 
moving vertically, enter a command to move down on enter:

     M2

     Now go to cell A4 and enter the remaining employee numbers:

     L A4
     E 13300
     E 14400
     E 15500
     E 16600
     E 17700
     E 18800
     E 19900
     E 19911
     E 19922
     E 19933
     E 19944

     Now these cells are set up.  We need only fill in rates  and 
the entire sheet will be set up properly:

     L B4
     E 11.56
     E 12.0
     E 21.4
     E 8.55
     E 15.32
     E 16.0
     E 17.
     E 6.78
     E 17.35
     E 22.50
     E 24.35

We  now have a full screen and the TOTAL column shows labor costs 
as desired. Suppose the last employee only worked 7 hours on the
Thursday: We now just go to that cell and change the value:

    
     L E14
     E 7.0

Now the sheet is updated.

     You now will probably want to print this to get a hard copy.
     To do so, just type

     W

     AnalytiCalc will reply with the request:

     Enter print file spec., / after to omit borders>

     Give  the name of a suitable file on disk or a printer  that 
your system understands. A suitable reply for the PC would be just

     LPT1:

which will print the sheet.
     The  program will churn for a few seconds and your  printout 
will be on the printer, a copy of what's on the screen (with some 
extensions:  if on PC you tell it to display 75 rows, they won't 
be able to be on the screen, but they'll print). The same holds
for width. You can set the number of columns up to more than fit
on the screen (using DW to set widths of individual columns and/or
DB to set the number of columns (and rows)) and up to 132 characters
across can be printed. (This is as much as most printers can handle
so no more are provided for.)

	If you need to suppress the labels, follow the filename
with a / character (e.g., LPT1:/) and to also suppress the
title line, follow with a % character (e.g., LPT1:/%).
This is done to make it easier to obtain files that can be pasted
together.

     Since  you may need this next week too,  with some mods  for 
hours,  it's a good idea to save the sheet. Here's how that would 
look to save the sheet all in a file called WKLYHRS.PCC

     L A1
     PPX
     Enter filename>WKLYHRS.PCC
     Enter max displ down to save or 0>0
     Enter max displ right to save or 0>0

(This includes AnalytiCalc prompts too:  you enter the filename and 
the zeroes (meaning the whole sheet) to save it all.) Notice we went
to cell A1 first. That's because sheets are saved from the cursor down
and right. This way we get it all.

     Now just for fun, let's try this again.
     Use the X command to exit.

	X
The program will ask you "Confirm Exit Request [Y/N]:
to which you reply Y <return> to really exit. This is
a safety feature. A message is printed on the bottom of
the screen prior to exit warning that exiting may lose
data unless the sheet has been saved. This is just a
caution.

       Now  run  through the initial Analy load  again  and  get 
another blank spreadsheet screen again. We'll load the saved one
in.

     Now we will assume you are sitting with the cursor on cell
A1. First we have to set up the screen as before:

     L A1
     DB 8,20
     DW 1,8
     DW 2,8
     DW 3,8
     DW 4,8
Or alternatively, give the S command and reset the global width to 8
as before. The DB 8,20 (for 8 columns, 20 rows) will still be
needed.

Now we load the saved sheet into memory.

     L A1
     GP
     Enter filename>WKLYHRS.PCC
     Enter max displ down to restore or 0>0
     Enter max displ right to restore or 0>0
     Enter min displ down>1
     Enter min displ right>1

     The program will churn awhile and your original screen  will 
reappear.  Note  the  prompts  allow you to save or  restore  any 
rectangular region. Saving and restoring are done relative to the 
cursor,  so start from A1 always unless you are merging  multiple 
sheets  into  one larger one.  In that case,  beware  of  formula 
changes  too.  You will want to use the GPR command to relocate
multiple sheets together into one; see the manual for some description
of that command.
     Notice the display formats were saved and restored.

     Now  that  you  have your saved  sheet  in  memory,  suppose 
someone  has  been  hired  into your group and you  need  to  add 
another line to your list.  This isn't too hard.  You use the  AR 
command to add 1 row with formula relocation. If we want the line 
to go in above row 14, the way the commands look is thus:

     L A14
     AR 1R

Now  you'll  notice that row 14 and row 15 are identical and  the 
same as the old row 14.  What's happened is that row 14 was moved 
down,  so  what was row 14 is now row 15,  and row 14 is free  to 
use.
     However,  since it still contains its' old contents,  we can 
use  the  fact that all the 8.0 entries and formula  entries  are 
there  and correct,  and just set up the new employee number  and 
rate, and we're done. The commands to do this might look like:

     L A14
     E 23541
     L B14
     E 12.75   ($12.75/hr for this employee)

so now the sheet is again correct (apart from changes from the  8 
hour daily hours anywhere).
     If this sheet is to be saved, another PP is needed. Note that
if you use the same filename as you did before, the new saved sheet
will OVERWRITE the old one.

     To exit, type

     X

which exits from the sheet. Reply Y to confirm you really mean it.


     Additional pre-exit operation:

     Suppose  you  want a report that won't show the RATE  column 
directly.  This  can  be  arranged by just setting  up  a  screen 
display  that does not contain the B column.  This is easiest  to 
set up with the OR command, which sets up what part of the screen 
is  displayed from the cursor down and right.  We have  to  reset 
column  widths  of column 2 also,  so it will be  10  again.  The 
commands to set the screen up are like these:

     OA A1
     DB 7,20        (We only need 7 columns)
     L B1           (Move to 2nd column)
     OR C1          (Set so we see column C there instead)

The screen now shows colunns A,  C,  D, E, F, G, and H and may be 
printed with the W command as it appears.  Note that 20 rows will 
appear. Had we wanted to see only the 15 or 16 rows filled in, we 
would  have used a command like DB 7,16 above.  Had we wanted not 
to have row and column letters and numbers on the printout, using 
a  / after the name of the file in the W command does  this.  The 
file,  if it goes to disk,  may be edited by any system editor or 
word processor, however.

     For  further  instruction  and  commands,  the  system  help 
command is invoked by typing H (optionally followed by a digit  0 
through  9).  The  F1  key on the IBM PC  is  also set to be
equivalent  to  the  Help 0 command.  Most commands  are  briefly 
described  in help pages.
	The system manual (AC.MAN) is also supplied machine readable
and may be browsed in online via any of several public domain
utilities which can examine files a page at a time. The $command
form of command to AnalytiCalc allows you (if you have enough
memory) to fire up any command known to DOS after the $ and return
to the sheet when the command terminates.
     There  is an alternate keypad function set which  should  be 
examined.  If your version of AnalytiCalc supports  it,  the  H9 
command will display a diagram of the functions available via the 
auxiliary keypad on the screen. Just type

     H9 (or ALT-F1)

and the picture will appear if available.

	GLOSSARY

	The following commands are used here:

	Command		Means
	L cell		Locate cursor at cell
	OA cell		Origin Absolute - make cell be upper left
				corner of display
	OR cell		Origin Relative - make cell be where cursor
				is (i.e., relative to cursor)
	DB ncol,nrow	Display Bounds - make display have ncol
				columns and nrow rows on screen
	DW col,width	Display Width - Set display column "col" to
				width characters wide. Use the numeric
				display column numbers at top of screen
				to specify column on display.
	DF cell-range [format] -
			Display Format - set cell range to have display
				format for numbers. Any FORTRAN format is
				legal (up to 9 characters of format spec.)
				and if just [A] is specified, cell displays
				formula text entered in it, not number.
				Cell range can be 1 cell name or 2 cells
				separated by colon (e.g., B2:G2). Ranges
				must lie in a row or column.
	E text		Enter - Enters text into a spreadsheet cell. If
				the text includes ", or does not contain
				one or more of ".", "(", "+", "-", or "[",
				then it is treated as TEXT and the text is
				displayed. Otherwise it is treated as
				numeric and the numeric value is displayed.
				The DF command changes which is shown. Numbers
				MUST contain . characters to be handled
				correctly.
	V		View - Redraws screen, forcing display to be correct.
	R		Recalculate - recomputes sheet. (Normally not needed
				since recomputation is automatic. Best to
				issue this command as RXF to speed it up.)
	Mn		Auto Move in direction n, where n=1,2,3, or 4 for
				up, down, left, or right (M5 means no auto
				motion), AFTER ENTER. This sets up automatic
				motion after Enter commands.
	1,2,3, or 4	Move cursor immediately:
	 or arrow keys		Move immediately in the arrow direction or
				in direction up, down, left, or right
				respectively for 1 through 4.
	W		Write - Writes out screen contents to a file or
				device (e.g., the printer) on your system.
				Produces human readable files, suitable for
				editing into documents.
	PPX		Put Physical Symbolic - Saves spreadsheet info in a
				special format for later read-in, saving
				all formulas. (Note PPN saves numbers only
				(for graphs) and throws out formulas.) Saves
				down and right from cursor, amount saved
				depends on your command. Files are ASCII
				but not intended to be read by humans.
				PDX saves display sheet within bounds, not
				taking bounds or save order from physical
				sheet but from how it's rearranged on display
				screen. Either form can be restored either
				way.
	GP		Get Physical - Reloads special file from a Put
				command into current sheet starting at
				cursor and going down and right. An offset
				from original save may be specified in
				both horizontal and vertical directions
				and partial restores are possible. This
				permits merging sheets.
	Hn		Help - Puts up help pages. There are 10 pages of online
				help, numbered 0 through 9. H8 brings up
				page 8, H0 (or just H) brings up page 0
				which is an index into the rest. PF2
				on VT100's acts as a H command. You may
				issue further Help commands once in the
				help system. A return will return you
				to the sheet.
	X		Exit from the sheet and do NOT delete the workfile
	XD		Exit and Delete - exits from PortaCalc and deletes
				the workfile. This is the recommended approach
				unless the workfile is nearly totally full,
				in which case it may be smaller than the
				file generated by PP commands.